Python RegEx
RegEx 或正则表达式是形成搜索模式的字符序列。
RegEx 可用于检查字符串是否包含指定的搜索模式。
RegEx 模块
Python 提供名为 re
的内置包,可用于处理正则表达式。
导入 re
模块:
import re
Python 中的 RegEx
导入 re
模块后,就可以开始使用正则表达式了:
示例代码:
检索字符串以查看它是否以 "China" 开头并以 "country" 结尾:
| import re |
| txt = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("^China.*country$", txt) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| txt = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("^China.*country$", txt) |
| if (x): |
| print("YES! We have a match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
RegEx 函数
re
模块提供了一组函数,允许我们检索字符串以进行匹配:
函数 |
描述 |
findall |
返回包含所有匹配项的列表 |
search |
如果字符串中的任意位置存在匹配,则返回 Match 对象 |
split |
返回在每次匹配时拆分字符串的列表 |
sub |
用字符串替换一个或多个匹配项 |
元字符
元字符是具有特殊含义的字符:
字符 |
描述 |
示例 |
TIY |
[] |
一组字符 |
"[a-m]" |
试一试 |
\ |
示意特殊序列(也可用于转义特殊字符) |
"\d" |
试一试 |
. |
任何字符(换行符除外) |
"he..o" |
试一试 |
^ |
起始于 |
"^hello" |
试一试 |
$ |
结束于 |
"world$" |
试一试 |
* |
零次或多次出现 |
"aix*" |
试一试 |
+ |
一次或多次出现 |
"aix+" |
试一试 |
{} |
确切地指定的出现次数 |
"al{2}" |
试一试 |
| |
两者任一 |
"falls|stays" |
试一试 |
() |
捕获和分组 |
|
|
特殊序列
特殊序列指的是 \
后跟下表中的某个字符,拥有特殊含义:
字符 |
描述 |
示例 |
TIY |
\A |
如果指定的字符位于字符串的开头,则返回匹配项 |
"\AThe" |
试一试 |
\b |
返回指定字符位于单词的开头或末尾的匹配项 |
r"\bain" r"ain\b" |
试一试 试一试 |
\B |
返回指定字符存在的匹配项,但不在单词的开头(或结尾处) |
r"\Bain" r"ain\B" |
试一试 试一试 |
\d |
返回字符串包含数字的匹配项(数字 0-9) |
"\d" |
试一试 |
\D |
返回字符串不包含数字的匹配项 |
"\D" |
试一试 |
\s |
返回字符串包含空白字符的匹配项 |
"\s" |
试一试 |
\S |
返回字符串不包含空白字符的匹配项 |
"\S" |
试一试 |
\w |
返回一个匹配项,其中字符串包含任何单词字符 (从 a 到 Z 的字符,从 0 到 9 的数字和下划线 _ 字符) |
"\w" |
试一试 |
\W |
返回一个匹配项,其中字符串不包含任何单词字符 |
"\W" |
试一试 |
\Z |
如果指定的字符位于字符串的末尾,则返回匹配项 |
"Spain\Z" |
试一试 |
集合(Set)
集合(Set)是一对方括号 []
内的一组字符,具有特殊含义:
集合 |
描述 |
试一试 |
[arn] |
返回一个匹配项,其中存在指定字符(a,r 或 n)之一 |
试一试 |
[a-n] |
返回字母顺序 a 和 n 之间的任意小写字符匹配项 |
试一试 |
[^arn] |
返回除 a、r 和 n 之外的任意字符的匹配项 |
试一试 |
[0123] |
返回存在任何指定数字(0、1、2 或 3)的匹配项 |
试一试 |
[0-9] |
返回 0 与 9 之间任意数字的匹配 |
试一试 |
[0-5][0-9] |
返回介于 0 到 9 之间的任何数字的匹配项 |
试一试 |
[a-zA-Z] |
返回字母顺序 a 和 z 之间的任何字符的匹配,小写或大写 |
试一试 |
[+] |
在集合中,+、*、.、|、()、$、{} 没有特殊含义,因此 [+] 表示:返回字符串中任何 + 字符的匹配项 |
试一试 |
findall() 函数
findall()
函数返回包含所有匹配项的列表。
示例代码:
打印所有匹配的列表:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.findall("a", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.findall("a", str) |
| print(x) |
这个列表以被找到的顺序包含匹配项。
如果未找到匹配项,则返回空列表:
示例代码:
如果未找到匹配,则返回空列表:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.findall("USA", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| |
| x = re.findall("USA", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
search() 函数
search()
函数搜索字符串中的匹配项,如果存在匹配则返回 Match 对象。
如果有多个匹配,则仅返回首个匹配项:
示例代码:
在字符串中搜索第一个空白字符:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("\s", str) |
| print("The first white-space character is located in position:", x.start()) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("\s", str) |
| print("The first white-space character is located in position:", x.start()) |
如果未找到匹配,则返回值 None
:
示例代码:
进行不返回匹配的检索:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("USA", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("USA", str) |
| print(x) |
split() 函数
split()
函数返回一个列表,其中字符串在每次匹配时被拆分:
示例代码:
在每个空白字符处进行拆分:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.split("\s", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.split("\s", str) |
| print(x) |
您可以通过指定 maxsplit
参数来控制出现次数:
示例代码:
仅在首次出现时拆分字符串:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.split("\s", str, 1) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.split("\s", str, 1) |
| print(x) |
sub() 函数
sub()
函数把匹配替换为您选择的文本:
示例代码:
用数字 9 替换每个空白字符:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.sub("\s", "9", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.sub("\s", "9", str) |
| print(x) |
您可以通过指定 count
参数来控制替换次数:
示例代码:
替换前两次出现:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.sub("\s", "9", str, 2) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.sub("\s", "9", str, 2) |
| print(x) |
Match 对象
Match 对象是包含有关搜索和结果信息的对象。
注释:如果没有匹配,则返回值 None
,而不是 Match 对象。
示例代码:
执行会返回 Match 对象的搜索:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("a", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search("a", str) |
| print(x) |
Match 对象提供了用于取回有关搜索及结果信息的属性和方法:
span()
返回的元组包含了匹配的开始和结束位置
.string
返回传入函数的字符串
group()
返回匹配的字符串部分
示例代码:
打印首个匹配出现的位置(开始和结束位置)。
正则表达式查找以大写 "C" 开头的任何单词:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) |
| print(x.span()) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) |
| print(x.span()) |
示例代码:
打印传入函数的字符串:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) |
| print(x.string) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) |
| print(x.string) |
示例代码:
打印匹配的字符串部分。
正则表达式查找以大写 "C" 开头的任何单词:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) |
| print(x.group()) |
完整实例:
| import re |
| str = "China is a great country" |
| x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) |
| print(x.group()) |
注释:如果没有匹配项,则返回值 None
,而不是 Match 对象。
完整实例1:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[a-m]", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例2:
| import re |
| str = "That will be 59 dollars" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\d", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例3:
| import re |
| str = "hello world" |
| |
| x = re.findall("he..o", str) |
| print(x) |
完整实例4:
| import re |
| str = "hello world" |
| |
| x = re.findall("^hello", str) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, the string starts with 'hello'") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例5:
| import re |
| str = "hello world" |
| |
| x = re.findall("world$", str) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, the string ends with 'world'") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例6:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!" |
| |
| x = re.findall("aix*", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例7:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!" |
| |
| x = re.findall("aix+", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例8:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!" |
| |
| x = re.findall("al{2}", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例9:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!" |
| |
| x = re.findall("falls|stays", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例10:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\AThe", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is a match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例11:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\d", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例12:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\D", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例13:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\s", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例14:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\S", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例15:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\w", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例16:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("\W", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例17:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("Spain\Z", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is a match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例18:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[arn]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例19:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[a-n]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例20:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[^arn]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例21:
| import re |
| str = "The rain in Spain" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[0123]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例22:
| import re |
| str = "8 times before 11:45 AM" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[0-9]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例23:
| import re |
| str = "8 times before 11:45 AM" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[0-5][0-9]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例24:
| import re |
| str = "8 times before 11:45 AM" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[a-zA-Z]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |
完整实例25:
| import re |
| str = "8 times before 11:45 AM" |
| |
| x = re.findall("[+]", str) |
| print(x) |
| if (x): |
| print("Yes, there is at least one match!") |
| else: |
| print("No match") |