JavaScript ES5 对象方法
JavaScript ES5 对象方法
ECMAScript 5 (2009) 向 JavaScript 添加了许多新的对象方法。
管理对象
// 以现有对象为原型创建对象
Object.create()
// 添加或更改对象属性
Object.defineProperty(object, property, descriptor)
// 添加或更改对象属性
Object.defineProperties(object, descriptors)
// 访问属性
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property)
// 以数组返回所有属性
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(object)
// 访问原型
Object.getPrototypeOf(object)
// 以数组返回可枚举属性
Object.keys(object)
保护对象
// 防止向对象添加属性
Object.preventExtensions(object)
// 如果属性可以添加到对象,则返回 true
Object.isExtensible(object)
// 防止更改对象属性(不是值)
Object.seal(object)
// 如果对象被密封,则返回 true
Object.isSealed(object)
// 防止对对象进行任何更改
Object.freeze(object)
// 如果对象被冻结,则返回 true
Object.isFrozen(object)
更改属性值
语法
Object.defineProperty(object, property, {value : value})
示例代码:
此例更改属性值:
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
// 修改属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {value : "NO"});
完整实例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>更改属性值</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
// 修改属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {value : "NO"});
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = person.language;
</script>
</body>
</html>
运行结果:
更改属性值 NO
可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html
更改元数据
ES5 允许更改以下属性元数据:
writable : true // 属性值可更改
enumerable : true // 属性可枚举
configurable : true // 属性可重新配置
writable : false // 属性值不可更改
enumerable : false // 属性不可枚举
configurable : false // 属性不可重新配置
ES5 允许更改 getter 和 setter:
// 定义 getter
get: function() { return language }
// 定义 setter
set: function(value) { language = value }
此例设置 language 为只读:
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {writable:false});
这个例子使 language 不可枚举:
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
列出所有属性
这个例子列出了一个对象的所有属性:
示例代码:
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(person); // 返回数组的数组
完整实例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>列出对象属性</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(person); // 返回数组的数组
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My friend is : " + person.firstName + ", My brother is: " + person.lastName + ", Language is: " + person.language ;
</script>
</body>
</html>
运行结果:
列出对象属性 My friend is : Bill, My brother is: Gates, Language is: EN
可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html
列出可枚举的属性
此例仅列出对象的可枚举属性:
示例代码:
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.keys(person); // 返回可枚举属性的数组
完整实例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>列出可枚举的属性</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.keys(person); // 返回可枚举属性的数组
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My friend is : " + person.firstName + ", My brother is: " + person.lastName + ", Language is: " + person.language ;
</script>
</body>
</html>
运行结果:
列出可枚举的属性 My friend is : Bill, My brother is: Gates, Language is: EN
可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html
添加属性
此例向对象添加新属性:
示例代码:
// 创建对象
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
// 添加属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "year", {value:"2008"});
完整实例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>添加属性</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
// 创建对象
const person = {
firstName: "Bill",
lastName : "Gates",
language : "EN"
};
// 添加属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "year", {value:"2008"});
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My friend is : " + person.firstName + ", My brother is: " + person.lastName + ", Language is: " + person.language ;
</script>
</body>
</html>
运行结果:
添加属性 My friend is : Bill, My brother is: Gates, Language is: EN
可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html
添加 Getter 和 Setter
Object.defineProperty()
方法也可以用来添加 Getter 和 Setter:
示例代码:
// 创建对象
const person = {firstName:"Bill", lastName:"Gates"};
// 定义 getter
Object.defineProperty(person, "fullName", {
get: function () {return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;}
});
完整实例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>添加 Getter 和 Setter</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
// 创建对象
const person = {firstName:"Bill", lastName:"Gates"};
// 定义 getter
Object.defineProperty(person, "fullName", {
get: function () {return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;}
});
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = person.fullName ;
</script>
</body>
</html>
运行结果:
添加 Getter 和 Setter Bill Gates
可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html
一个计数器实例
// 定义对象
const obj = {counter:0};
// 定义 setter
Object.defineProperty(obj, "reset", {
get : function () {this.counter = 0;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
get : function () {this.counter++;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
get : function () {this.counter--;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
set : function (value) {this.counter += value;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
set : function (i) {this.counter -= i;}
});
// 操作计数器:
obj.reset;
obj.add = 5;
obj.subtract = 1;
obj.increment;
obj.decrement;
完整实例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>计数器实例</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
// 定义对象
const obj = {counter:0};
// 定义 setter
Object.defineProperty(obj, "reset", {
get : function () {this.counter = 0;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
get : function () {this.counter++;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
get : function () {this.counter--;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
set : function (value) {this.counter += value;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
set : function (i) {this.counter -= i;}
});
// 操作计数器:
obj.reset;
document.writeln('reset操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.add = 5;
document.writeln('obj.add = 5操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.subtract = 1;
document.writeln('obj.subtract = 1,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.increment;
document.writeln('obj.increment操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.decrement;
document.writeln('obj.decrement操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
运行结果:
计数器实例 reset操作后,counter:0 obj.add = 5操作后,counter:5 obj.subtract = 1,counter:4 obj.increment操作后,counter:5 obj.decrement操作后,counter:4
可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html