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JavaScript ES5 对象方法

JavaScript基础 2022-04-25 01:50:02小码哥的IT人生shichen

JavaScript ES5 对象方法

ECMAScript 5 (2009) 向 JavaScript 添加了许多新的对象方法。

管理对象

// 以现有对象为原型创建对象
Object.create()
// 添加或更改对象属性
Object.defineProperty(object, property, descriptor)
// 添加或更改对象属性
Object.defineProperties(object, descriptors)
// 访问属性
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, property)
// 以数组返回所有属性
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(object)
// 访问原型
Object.getPrototypeOf(object)
// 以数组返回可枚举属性
Object.keys(object)

保护对象

// 防止向对象添加属性
Object.preventExtensions(object)
// 如果属性可以添加到对象,则返回 true
Object.isExtensible(object)
// 防止更改对象属性(不是值)
Object.seal(object)
// 如果对象被密封,则返回 true
Object.isSealed(object)
// 防止对对象进行任何更改
Object.freeze(object)
// 如果对象被冻结,则返回 true
Object.isFrozen(object)

更改属性值

语法

Object.defineProperty(object, property, {value : value})

示例代码:

此例更改属性值:

const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
// 修改属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {value : "NO"});

完整实例:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>更改属性值</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
// 修改属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {value : "NO"});
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = person.language;
</script>
</body>
</html>

运行结果:

更改属性值

NO

可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html

更改元数据

ES5 允许更改以下属性元数据:

writable : true      // 属性值可更改
enumerable : true    // 属性可枚举
configurable : true  // 属性可重新配置
writable : false     // 属性值不可更改
enumerable : false   // 属性不可枚举
configurable : false // 属性不可重新配置

ES5 允许更改 getter 和 setter:

// 定义 getter
get: function() { return language }
// 定义 setter
set: function(value) { language = value }

此例设置 language 为只读:

Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {writable:false});

这个例子使 language 不可枚举:

Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});

列出所有属性

这个例子列出了一个对象的所有属性:

示例代码:

const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(person);  // 返回数组的数组

完整实例:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>列出对象属性</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(person);  // 返回数组的数组
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My friend is : " + person.firstName + ", My brother is: " + person.lastName + ", Language is: " + person.language ;
</script>
</body>
</html>

运行结果:

列出对象属性

My friend is : Bill, My brother is: Gates, Language is: EN

可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html

列出可枚举的属性

此例仅列出对象的可枚举属性:

示例代码:

const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.keys(person);  // 返回可枚举属性的数组

完整实例:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>列出可枚举的属性</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
Object.defineProperty(person, "language", {enumerable:false});
Object.keys(person);  // 返回可枚举属性的数组
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My friend is : " + person.firstName + ", My brother is: " + person.lastName + ", Language is: " + person.language ;
</script>
</body>
</html>

运行结果:

列出可枚举的属性

My friend is : Bill, My brother is: Gates, Language is: EN

可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html

添加属性

此例向对象添加新属性:

示例代码:

// 创建对象
const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
// 添加属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "year", {value:"2008"});

完整实例:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>添加属性</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
// 创建对象
const person = {
  firstName: "Bill",
  lastName : "Gates",
  language : "EN"
};
// 添加属性
Object.defineProperty(person, "year", {value:"2008"});
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My friend is : " + person.firstName + ", My brother is: " + person.lastName + ", Language is: " + person.language ;
</script>
</body>
</html>

运行结果:

添加属性

My friend is : Bill, My brother is: Gates, Language is: EN

可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html

添加 Getter 和 Setter

Object.defineProperty() 方法也可以用来添加 Getter 和 Setter:

示例代码:

// 创建对象
const person = {firstName:"Bill", lastName:"Gates"};
// 定义 getter
Object.defineProperty(person, "fullName", {
  get: function () {return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;}
});

完整实例:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>添加 Getter 和 Setter</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
// 创建对象
const person = {firstName:"Bill", lastName:"Gates"};
// 定义 getter
Object.defineProperty(person, "fullName", {
  get: function () {return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;}
});
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = person.fullName ;
</script>
</body>
</html>

运行结果:

添加 Getter 和 Setter

Bill Gates

可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html

一个计数器实例

// 定义对象
const obj = {counter:0};
// 定义 setter
Object.defineProperty(obj, "reset", {
  get : function () {this.counter = 0;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
  get : function () {this.counter++;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
  get : function () {this.counter--;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
  set : function (value) {this.counter += value;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
  set : function (i) {this.counter -= i;}
});
// 操作计数器:
obj.reset;
obj.add = 5;
obj.subtract = 1;
obj.increment;
obj.decrement;

完整实例:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>计数器实例</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
// 定义对象
const obj = {counter:0};
// 定义 setter
Object.defineProperty(obj, "reset", {
  get : function () {this.counter = 0;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
  get : function () {this.counter++;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
  get : function () {this.counter--;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
  set : function (value) {this.counter += value;}
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
  set : function (i) {this.counter -= i;}
});
// 操作计数器:
obj.reset;
document.writeln('reset操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.add = 5;
document.writeln('obj.add = 5操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.subtract = 1;
document.writeln('obj.subtract = 1,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.increment;
document.writeln('obj.increment操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
obj.decrement;
document.writeln('obj.decrement操作后,counter:' + obj.counter + "<br/>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

运行结果:

计数器实例


reset操作后,counter:0
obj.add = 5操作后,counter:5
obj.subtract = 1,counter:4
obj.increment操作后,counter:5
obj.decrement操作后,counter:4

可以使用本站在线JavaScript测试工具测试上述代码运行效果:http://www.phpcodeweb.com/runjs.html

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