Python 字典
Python 字典
字典(Dictionary)
字典是一个无序、可变和有索引的集合。在 Python 中,字典用花括号编写,拥有键和值。
示例代码:
创建并打印字典:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
print(thisdict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
print(thisdict)
访问项目
您可以通过在方括号内引用其键名来访问字典的项目:
示例代码:
获取 "model" 键的值:
x = thisdict["model"]
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
x = thisdict["model"]
print(x)
还有一个名为 get()
的方法会给你相同的结果:
示例代码:
获取 "model" 键的值:
x = thisdict.get("model")
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
x = thisdict.get("model")
print(x)
更改值
您可以通过引用其键名来更改特定项的值:
示例代码:
把 "year" 改为 2019:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict["year"] = 2019
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict["year"] = 2019
print(thisdict)
遍历字典
您可以使用 for
循环遍历字典。
循环遍历字典时,返回值是字典的键,但也有返回值的方法。
示例代码:
逐个打印字典中的所有键名:
for x in thisdict:
print(x)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
for x in thisdict:
print(x)
示例代码:
逐个打印字典中的所有值:
for x in thisdict:
print(thisdict[x])
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
for x in thisdict:
print(thisdict[x])
示例代码:
您还可以使用 values()
函数返回字典的值:
for x in thisdict.values():
print(x)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
for x in thisdict.values():
print(x)
示例代码:
通过使用 items() 函数遍历键和值:
for x, y in thisdict.items():
print(x, y)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
for x, y in thisdict.items():
print(x, y)
检查键是否存在
要确定字典中是否存在指定的键,请使用 in
关键字:
示例代码:
检查字典中是否存在 "model":
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
if "model" in thisdict:
print("Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary")
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
if "model" in thisdict:
print("Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary")
字典长度
要确定字典有多少项目(键值对),请使用 len()
方法。
示例代码:
打印字典中的项目数:
print(len(thisdict))
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
print(len(thisdict))
添加项目
通过使用新的索引键并为其赋值,可以将项目添加到字典中:
示例代码:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict["color"] = "red"
print(thisdict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict["color"] = "red"
print(thisdict)
删除项目
有几种方法可以从字典中删除项目:
示例代码:
pop() 方法删除具有指定键名的项:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)
示例代码:
popitem()
方法删除最后插入的项目(在 3.7 之前的版本中,删除随机项目):
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict.popitem()
print(thisdict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict.popitem()
print(thisdict)
示例代码:
del
关键字删除具有指定键名的项目:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
del thisdict["model"]
print(thisdict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
del thisdict["model"]
print(thisdict)
示例代码:
del
关键字也可以完全删除字典:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
del thisdict
print(thisdict) #this 会导致错误,因为 "thisdict" 不再存在。
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
del thisdict
print(thisdict) #this will cause an error because "thislist" no longer exists.
示例代码:
clear()
关键字清空字典:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict.clear()
print(thisdict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
thisdict.clear()
print(thisdict)
复制字典
您不能通过键入 dict2 = dict1
来复制字典,因为:dict2
只是对 dict1
的引用,而 dict1
中的更改也将自动在 dict2
中进行。
有一些方法可以进行复制,一种方法是使用内建的字典方法 copy()
。
示例代码:
使用 copy()
方法来复制字典:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
mydict = thisdict.copy()
print(mydict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
mydict = thisdict.copy()
print(mydict)
制作副本的另一种方法是使用内建方法 dict()
。
示例代码:
使用 dict()
方法创建字典的副本:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
mydict = dict(thisdict)
print(mydict)
完整实例:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Porsche",
"model": "911",
"year": 1963
}
mydict = dict(thisdict)
print(mydict)
嵌套字典
词典也可以包含许多词典,这被称为嵌套词典。
示例代码:
创建包含三个字典的字典:
myfamily = {
"child1" : {
"name" : "Phoebe Adele",
"year" : 2002
},
"child2" : {
"name" : "Jennifer Katharine",
"year" : 1996
},
"child3" : {
"name" : "Rory John",
"year" : 1999
}
}
完整实例:
myfamily = {
"child1" : {
"name" : "Phoebe Adele",
"year" : 2002
},
"child2" : {
"name" : "Jennifer Katharine",
"year" : 1996
},
"child3" : {
"name" : "Rory John",
"year" : 1999
}
}
print(myfamily)
或者,如果您想嵌套三个已经作为字典存在的字典:
示例代码:
创建三个字典,然后创建一个包含其他三个字典的字典:
child1 = {
"name" : "Phoebe Adele",
"year" : 2002
}
child2 = {
"name" : "Jennifer Katharine",
"year" : 1996
}
child3 = {
"name" : "Rory John",
"year" : 1999
}
myfamily = {
"child1" : child1,
"child2" : child2,
"child3" : child3
}
完整实例:
child1 = {
"name" : "Phoebe Adele",
"year" : 2002
}
child2 = {
"name" : "Jennifer Katharine",
"year" : 1996
}
child3 = {
"name" : "Rory John",
"year" : 1999
}
myfamily = {
"child1" : child1,
"child2" : child2,
"child3" : child3
}
print(myfamily)
dict() 构造函数
也可以使用 dict()
构造函数创建新的字典:
示例代码:
thisdict = dict(brand="Porsche", model="911", year=1963)
# 请注意,关键字不是字符串字面量
# 请注意,使用了等号而不是冒号来赋值
print(thisdict)
完整实例:
thisdict = dict(brand="Porsche", model="911", year=1963)
# note that keywords are not string literals
# note the use of equals rather than colon for the assignment
print(thisdict)